| Abstract / Summary |
Abstract [en]
Shoulder pain and disability are common clinical problems. One major cause is subacromial inflammation and impingement of the supraspinatus tendon. These patients are usually offered conservative treatment or arthroscopic subacromial decompression (ASD). However, in some patients pain and a deficient shoulder function persist in spite of conservative and surgical treatment. This reflects the fact that the pathophysiology of this important disease is not fully understood. The general aim of the present thesis was to generate new lmowledge contributing to the understanding of subacromial inflammation through a combination of clinical and experimental studies.
Ketoprofen is a non-steroid antiinflammatory drug with effects on peripherally as well as centrally generated pain. In a randomized, double-blind, prospective study on impingement patients treated with ASD, postoperative administration of ketoprofen showed short-term, but not long-term positive effects on pain, range of movement and satisfaction.
The status of the rotator cuff was found not to influence the postoperative results after ASD. Patients with an intact, partially ruptured or totally ruptured (<2cm) supraspinatus tendon did equally well, both 3 and 6 years after surgery. The results suggest that the presence of an inflamed bursa is more important for the symptoms than the cuff lesion.
In search for an experimental model we found that the shoulder region of the rat shows macroanatomical similarities to the human shoulder. Analysis of the innervation of the rat shoulder showed that the suprascapular nerve and some branches projecting to the subacromial space contain numerous C- and Aδ-fibers. Many of these appeared to be polymodally nociceptive units or postganglionic sympathetic units as revealed by capsaicin and chemical sympathectomy. Such fibers are relevant for inflammatory states.
In the normal rat substance P- (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide- (CGRP) immunoreactive putative nociceptive fibers and neuropeptide Y- (NPY) and tyrosine hydroxylase- (TH) immunoreactive putative sympathetic fibers were widely distributed in the subacromial space. After induction of an acute subacromial inflammation with carrageenan, the presence of SP- and/or CGRP-immunoreactive fibers in the supraspinatus tendon was increased, with a maximum at two weeks. The results of labeling with the growth-associated protein GAP-43 indicated a de novo sprouting of nociceptive fibers in the tendon. But, radioimmunoassay measurements showed that the content of SP, CGRP and NPY in the supraspinatus tendon were normal or subnormal.
These results called for examination of subacromial tissue biopsies from impingement patients. Innnunohistochemical analysis showed an increase of SP- and/or CGRP- immunoreactive nerve fibers and of NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibers in tendon tissue. The presence of corresponding neuropeptides was also elevated, as determined by RIA. The analysis also revealed an increase of SP and/or CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers and an elevated concentration of corresponding neuropeptides in bursal tissue.
Altogether these results are compatible with the hypothesis that de novo sprouting of nerve fibers involved in nociception may play a pathophysiological role in subacromial inflammation.
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